Singe CRUD / request->response Operation two serializers #9630

jon-nfc · 2025-01-23T08:58:53Z

jon-nfc
Jan 23, 2025

G'Day,

Cant seem to find an answer anywhere, so hoping for an idea/solution.

TL;DR. How to specify the serializer to use for the response. I wish to use one serializer for add/update and another for the JSON response within one CRUD operation / request-response.

Within my app, depending upon the situation I use different serializers. which serializer is used is dyno-magically determined by the viewsets logic. i.e. I have a view serializer for ALL get requests with the creation of the object being dynamic, serializer wise.

I have discovered recently that when creating an object, the correct serializer is used, however the serializer that is used for the JSON response is not the one I wish to use.

Looking at the code for the create of an object, It uses the same serializer for the create and the JSON return. (or have i looked in the wrong area?)

django-rest-framework/rest_framework/mixins.py

Lines 12 to 30 in 78e0b84

    
           class CreateModelMixin: 
        
               """ 
        
               Create a model instance. 
        
               """ 
        
               def create(self, request, *args, **kwargs): 
        
                   serializer = self.get_serializer(data=request.data) 
        
                   serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True) 
        
                   self.perform_create(serializer) 
        
                   headers = self.get_success_headers(serializer.data) 
        
                   return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED, headers=headers) 
        
               def perform_create(self, serializer): 
        
                   serializer.save() 
        
               def get_success_headers(self, data): 
        
                   try: 
        
                       return {'Location': str(data[api_settings.URL_FIELD_NAME])} 
        
                   except (TypeError, KeyError): 
        
                       return {}

Is this something I will be required to create a custom solution for? or is there a setting or process I have overlooked somewhere?

Answered by browniebroke

Jan 24, 2025

I had this problem a few times and there are a few ways to solve the problem, depending on how much your request schema differs from your response schema. Generally speaking, I think it's a good idea to minimise the differences. I'll describe a few options I've adopted over time.

Example

Let's use a simple BlogPost model in an blogging application:

class BlogPost(models.Model):
    author = models.ForeignKey("auth.User", on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    title = models.CharField(max_length=255)
    body = models.TextField()
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)

When a post of created, the author provides the title and body, and the other fields as derived from the request. …

View full answer

browniebroke · 2025-01-24T12:25:26Z

browniebroke
Jan 24, 2025
Maintainer

I had this problem a few times and there are a few ways to solve the problem, depending on how much your request schema differs from your response schema. Generally speaking, I think it's a good idea to minimise the differences. I'll describe a few options I've adopted over time.

Example

Let's use a simple BlogPost model in an blogging application:

class BlogPost(models.Model):
    author = models.ForeignKey("auth.User", on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    title = models.CharField(max_length=255)
    body = models.TextField()
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)

When a post of created, the author provides the title and body, and the other fields as derived from the request. When reading a post, however, we want to display its author and creation date.

Solution 1: override the create method

With the solution you mention, the implementation might look like this:

# Serializers
class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

    class Meta:
        model = User
        fields = ("id", "first_name", "last_name", "username")

class CreateBlogPostSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    """Serializer for creating posts."""

    class Meta:
        model = BlogPost
        fields = ("title", "body")


class BlogPostSerializer(CreateBlogPostSerializer):
    """Serializer for reading posts."""
    author = UserSerializer()

    class Meta:
        model = BlogPost
        fields = ("id", "author", "title", "body", "created_at")


# views
class BlogPostViewSet(CreateModelMixin, RetrieveModelMixin, GenericViewSet):
    queryset = BlogPost.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BlogPostSerializer

    def create(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        create_serializer = CreateBlogPostSerializer(
            data=request.data,
            context=self.get_serializer_context(),
        )
        create_serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        post = create_serializer.save(author=self.request.user)
        response_serializer = self.get_serializer(post)
        headers = self.get_success_headers(response_serializer.data)
        return Response(response_serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED, headers=headers)

We override the create method to add our customizations:

Different serializer for request
Derive the author from the request

This is however duplicating a fair bit of boilerplate from DRF, so not ideal.

Solution 2: override the `get_serializer_class` method

A more chirurgical approach would be to override the get_serializer_class method based on the HTTP verb:

class BlogPostViewSet(CreateModelMixin, RetrieveModelMixin, GenericViewSet):
    queryset = BlogPost.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BlogPostSerializer

    def get_serializer_class(self):
        if self.action == "create":
            return CreateBlogPostSerializer
        return super().get_serializer_class()

The problem however is that this serializer is used in both the request and the response of the create action, so author and created-at would be omitted.

Solution 3: single serializer with read-only fields

Another solution is to specify which fields are read-only and use a single serializer:

class BlogPostSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    author = UserSerializer(read_only=True)

    class Meta:
        model = BlogPost
        read_only_fields = ("id", "author", "created_at")
        fields = read_only_fields + ("title", "body")


class BlogPostViewSet(CreateModelMixin, RetrieveModelMixin, GenericViewSet):
    queryset = BlogPost.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BlogPostSerializer

    def perform_create(self, serializer):
        serializer.save(user=self.request.user)

Here the read-only fields are excluded from the request schema, but are included in the response schema. You can mix and match this approach with the previous one to bring CreateBlogPostSerializer more in line with the read-only serializer.

Solution 4: have different fields in the request and response

Now imagine that our blog is divided into categories (each post belonging to a single one):

class Category(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=255)
    description = models.TextField()


class BlogPost(models.Model):
    ... # Same as before
    category = models.ForeignKey(Category, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

Categories are created ahead of time. When creating a post, we just want to pick one. When reading a post however, we want to get the whole category, with its title and description. We could modify our serializer like this:

class CategorySerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Category
        fields = ("id", "title", "description")


class BlogPostSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    author = UserSerializer(read_only=True)
    category_id = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(
        queryset=Category.objects.all(), 
        source="category",
        write_only=True,
    )
    category = CategorySerializer(read_only=True)

    class Meta:
        model = BlogPost
        read_only_fields = ("id", "author", "created_at", "category")
        fields = read_only_fields + ("title", "body", "category_id")

Here is an explanation:

Define a new CategorySerializer to get a nested representation
Add a write-only category_id field, to pass the primary key of the category only in the request
Add a read-only category field, to be used only on the response and return the whole serialized category, nested under our post.

Conclusion

Hopefully that gives you some pointers around how to achieve what you need. You may have to mix and matches some of these approaches. One thing that helped a lot for me is when the write_only option clicked.

4 replies

jon-nfc Jan 25, 2025
Author

wow, that's an answer. @browniebroke I really appreciate the time you have taken to assist with my dilemma.

I was already leaning towards solution 1. Solution 2 wont work due to already customizing the serializer "get" functions within the views and the same serializer is still used in a single CRUD. Solution 3 wont work due to the use of the "response" serializer using nested serializers, unlike the request. Functionally solution 4 would work. Although solution 4 creates issues with drf_spectacular auto docs features.

For completeness I should have included some context, example serialized objects. The "View" serializers use nested serializers for related models whilst the "create/update" serializers are based off of the model. For completeness, Here's the create serialized object.

{
  "name": "string",
  "device_type": 0,
  "model_notes": "string",
  "serial_number": "string",
  "uuid": "string",
  "is_global": true,
  "is_virtual": true,
  "device_model": 0,
  "config": "string",
  "organization": 0
}

and the response / view serialized object (ALL get requests and the serializer to use in the CRUD response)

{
  "id": 0,
  "status_icon": {
    "additionalProp1": "string",
    "additionalProp2": "string",
    "additionalProp3": "string"
  },
  "display_name": "string",
  "name": "string",
  "device_type": {
    "id": 0,
    "display_name": "string",
    "name": "string",
    "url": "string"
  },
  "model_notes": "string",
  "serial_number": "string",
  "uuid": "string",
  "is_global": true,
  "is_virtual": true,
  "device_model": {
    "id": 0,
    "display_name": "string",
    "name": "string",
    "url": "string"
  },
  "config": "string",
  "rendered_config": "string",
  "inventorydate": "2025-01-25T06:44:36.557Z",
  "context": {
    "additionalProp1": "string",
    "additionalProp2": "string",
    "additionalProp3": "string"
  },
  "created": "2025-01-25T06:44:36.557Z",
  "modified": "2025-01-25T06:44:36.557Z",
  "organization": {
    "id": 0,
    "display_name": "string",
    "name": "string",
    "url": "string"
  },
  "_urls": {
    "additionalProp1": "string",
    "additionalProp2": "string",
    "additionalProp3": "string"
  }
}

browniebroke Jan 25, 2025
Maintainer

Functionally solution 4 would work. Although solution 4 creates issues with drf_spectacular auto docs features.

I thought you might mention that, have you tried to use their extend_schema decorator? It accepts a request and responses to pass your serializers to it:

https://drf-spectacular.readthedocs.io/en/latest/customization.html#step-2-extend-schema

It's super flexible and can do almost anything

jon-nfc Jan 26, 2025
Author

Yeah am familiar with drf's extend_schema. However using it, I'm not considering an option due to the additional work it creates.

wdifruscio Feb 19, 2025

Was causally browsing GitHub and stumbled on this.

I want to say - I typically have my own workarounds which mirror what is posted, nevertheless I am very glad that this is written here to validate how I usually go about solutioning my APIs.

Appreciate the hard work on this project 🫡

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Singe CRUD / request->response Operation two serializers #9630

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jon-nfc Jan 23, 2025

Example

Replies: 1 comment · 4 replies

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browniebroke Jan 24, 2025 Maintainer

Example

Solution 1: override the create method

Solution 2: override the get_serializer_class method

Solution 3: single serializer with read-only fields

Solution 4: have different fields in the request and response

Conclusion

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jon-nfc Jan 25, 2025 Author

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browniebroke Jan 25, 2025 Maintainer

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jon-nfc Jan 26, 2025 Author

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wdifruscio Feb 19, 2025

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Replies: 1 comment 4 replies

browniebroke
Jan 24, 2025
Maintainer

Solution 2: override the `get_serializer_class` method

jon-nfc Jan 25, 2025
Author

browniebroke Jan 25, 2025
Maintainer

jon-nfc Jan 26, 2025
Author